RESUMO. A Bateria de Avaliação Frontal (FAB) é um teste de rastreio que mede as funções executivas. Embora esse instrumento tenha sido validado em vários países, sua utilidade diagnóstica em uma população chilena ainda não foi estudada. Objetivos: (1) Adaptar a FAB para uma população chilena; (2) estudar as propriedades psicométricas da FAB em uma população chilena; (3) avaliar a influência sociodemográfica no desempenho da FAB em uma amostra de controles saudáveis; e (4) desenvolver dados normativos para este último grupo. Métodos: Um grupo controle saudável (n=344) e um grupo de pacientes com demência (n=156) foram avaliados com a versão chilena da FAB. Resultados: A FAB apresentou boa consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach=0,79) e validade aceitável com base na relação com outras variáveis. A análise fatorial mostrou a unidimensionalidade do instrumento. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas no valor total da FAB entre os grupos controle saudável e demência. Com a amostra pareada, o ponto de corte estabelecido foi de 13,5, que apresentou sensibilidade de 80,8% e especificidade de 90,4%. A análise de regressão mostrou que a escolaridade e a idade predisseram significativamente o desempenho da FAB no grupo saudável. Finalmente, os dados normativos são fornecidos. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou que a FAB é uma ferramenta útil para discriminar entre pessoas saudáveis e aquelas com demência. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para explorar a capacidade do instrumento para caracterizar a síndrome disexecutiva em pessoas com demência na população chilena.

ABSTRACT. The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a screening test that measures executive functions. Although this instrument has been validated in several countries, its diagnostic utility in a Chilean population has not been studied yet. Objectives: This study aimed to (1) adapt FAB in a Chilean population; (2) study the psychometric properties of the FAB in a Chilean population; (3) assess the sociodemographic influence in the performance of the FAB in a sample of healthy controls (HC); and (4) develop normative data for this healthy group. Methods: A HC (n=344) and a group of patients with dementia (n=156) were assessed with the Chilean version of FAB. Results: FAB showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.79) and acceptable validity based on the relationship with other variables. Factor analysis showed the unidimensionality of the instrument. Significant differences were found in the total FAB value between the HC and dementia groups. With the matched sample, the established cutoff point was 13.5, showing a sensitivity of 80.8% and a specificity of 90.4%. Regression analysis showed that education and age significantly predicted FAB performance in the healthy group. Finally, normative data are provided. Conclusions: This study shows that FAB is a useful tool to discriminate between healthy people and people with dementia. However, further studies are needed to explore the capacity of the instrument to characterize the dysexecutive syndrome in people with dementia in the Chilean population.

ABSTRACT From the conventional medical approach, Parkinson's disease has been defined as a neurodegenerative process in which there is early death of dopaminergic neurons and atrophy in the basal ganglia, manifested by motor and non-motor (cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric) symptoms. Based on this approach, the study of Parkinson's disease and the various treatments aimed at alleviating neurodegeneration (pharmacological, surgical, and rehabilitation) have had the mission of acting on the neurobiology of the brain. However, they do not consider the influence of bodily experience on the disease. On the other hand, in the early 1990s, the enactive approach emerged in the field of cognitive sciences. This perspective proposes to overcome some of the limitations of traditional approaches in studying the brain and cognition. For this approach, the meaning of experience emerges in the sensorimotor coupling of the individual with his environment. This article aims to describe Parkinson's disease from the enactive approach. For this, the alterations in sensorimotor coupling and sense-making in this pathology will be shown. From this, we will reflect on the therapeutic implications of rehabilitation based on sensorimotor coupling and the creation of individual and participatory sense-making.

RESUMEN Desde el enfoque médico convencional, la enfermedad de Parkinson se ha definido como un proceso neurodegenerativo en el que existe una muerte temprana de neuronas dopaminérgicas y la atrofia de los ganglios basales, lo que se manifiesta en sintomatología motora y no motora (cognitiva, conductual y psiquiátrica). A partir de este enfoque, el estudio de la enfermedad de Parkinson y los diversos tratamientos destinados a paliar la neurodegeneración (farmacológico, quirúrgico y rehabilitación) han tenido la misión de actuar en la neurobiología cerebral. Sin embargo, estos no consideran qué influencia tiene la experiencia corporal en la enfermedad. Por otro lado, a inicios de la década de los 90, en el ámbito de las ciencias cognitivas surgió el enfoque enactivo. Esta perspectiva propone superar algunas de las limitaciones de los enfoques tradicionales en el estudio del cerebro y la cognición. Para este enfoque, el significado de la experiencia emerge en el acoplamiento sensoriomotor del individuo con su entorno. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la enfermedad de Parkinson desde el enfoque enactivo. Para esto, se mostrarán las alteraciones en el acoplamiento sensoriomotor y en la creación de sentido que se presentan en esta patología. Posteriormente se reflexionará acerca de las implicaciones terapéuticas que tendría una rehabilitación basada en el acoplamiento sensoriomotor y la creación de sentido individual y participativo.

SUMMARY This research aims to investigate the relapse in alcohol consumption in people who suffered traumatic experiences and disso ciative symptoms. Six interviews were conducted based on the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, in which the experience of relapse due to alcohol consumption was investigated. The interview analysis method was conducted according to Giorgi's descriptive phenomenology proposal. The results of this study show a temporary structure in the relapse experience. In the initial phase the person has memories associated with the traumatic experience which leads him or her to start drinking alcohol to relieve the suffering experienced. Subsequently, and while consumption occurs, he or she feels fleeting moments of satisfaction, which are replaced by the feeling of loss of control and a negative assessment of himself or herself. The end of the relapse comes when the person resorts to his or her environment to explain what happened. This study shows the relevance of temporality in the experience of relapse in alcohol consumption. Furthermore, it is proposed that the phenomenon of chemical dissociation attributed to alcohol and access to emotional burden is an alternating and temporality-dependent process.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue indagar en la recaída del consumo de alcohol en personas que sufrieron experiencias traumáticas y síntomas disociativos. Se realizaron seis entrevistas, basadas en la fenomenología trascendental de Edmund Husserl, en las que se indagó en la experiencia de recaída por consumo de alcohol. El método de análisis de entrevistas se realizó según la propuesta de fenomenología descriptiva de Giorgi. Los resultados de este estudio dan cuenta de una estructura temporal en la experiencia de recaída. En la fase inicial la persona tiene recuerdos asociados a la experiencia traumática, lo que le lleva a comenzar el consumo de alcohol para aliviar el sufrimiento experimentado. Posteriormente, y mientras se produce el consumo, siente momentos fugaces de satisfacción, los que son reemplazados por la sensación de pérdida de control y una valoración negativa de sí mismo. El fin de la recaída llega cuando la persona recurre a su entorno para dar cuenta de lo sucedido. Este estudio muestra la relevancia que tiene la temporalidad en la experiencia de recaída en el consumo de alcohol. Además, se propone que el fenómeno de la disociación química atribuido al alcohol y el acceso a la carga emocional es un proceso alternante y dependiente de la temporalidad.

ABSTRACT In Zen meditation, an important component of the practice is the phenomenon of present-moment awareness. Presence can be understood as an experience of consciousness embodied in the here and now. About this object of study, the research has made an empirical approach with emphasis on the third person, to the detriment of its subjective study. The main objective of this research is to study the experience of presence in Zen meditators during meditative practice. The method of micro-phenomenological interview was used to gather information about the subjective experience of presence in meditators. To analyze the data, the transcendental phenomenology method of Moustakas was applied, which allowed finding the invariant structure of the study phenomenon. This research found that the essence of the presence experience of Zen meditators is characterized by the feeling of maintaining a pure contact with reality, which causes a change in the perception of the self, others and the surrounding world. Finally, it is argued that the results allow us to conceive meditation as a subjective experience of embodied character and of being-in-the-world, elements that are open to the intersubjective context. This perspective opens an interpretation of meditation under a relational and embodied approach.

RESUMEN En la meditación zen, un componente importante de la práctica es el fenómeno de la conciencia del momento presente. Presencia puede ser entendida como una experiencia de conciencia encarnada en el aquí y ahora. Sobre este objeto de estudio, la investigación ha hecho un abordaje empírico con énfasis en la tercera persona, en desmedro de su estudio subjetivo. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la experiencia de presencia en meditadores zen durante la práctica meditativa. Se utilizó el método de entrevista micro-fenomenológica para recopilar información sobre la experiencia subjetiva de presencia en meditadores. Para analizar los datos, se aplicó el método de fenomenología trascendental de Moustakas, lo que permitió encontrar la estructura invariante del fenómeno de estudio. Esta investigación encontró que la esencia de la experiencia de presencia de los meditadores zen se caracteriza por la sensación de mantener un contacto puro con la realidad, que origina un cambio en la percepción del sí mismo, los otros y el mundo circundante. Finalmente, se discute que los resultados permiten concebir la meditación como una experiencia subjetiva de carácter corporizado y de ser-en-el-mundo, elementos que están abiertos al contexto intersubjetivo. Esta perspectiva abre una interpretación de la meditación bajo un enfoque encarnado y relacional.